DD1 is also designated AKR1C1, DDH or DDH1, while DD2 also can be designated AKR1C2, dDD, BABP or DDH2. AKR1C3 and 3alpha-HSD are alternate designations for human DD3 (which is referred to as AKR1C18 in rodents), while DD4 also can be called AKR1C4, CD, CHDR or AKR1C6 (in rodents). DD1 and DD2 are 20alpha-HSDs, whereas DD3 and DD4 are the 3alpha-HSDs. The multiple human cytosolic dihydrodiol dehydrogenases are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and steroid hormones, and are responsible for the reduction of ketone-containing drugs by using NADH or NADPH as a cofactor. The 20alpha-HSD catalyzes the reaction of progesterone to the inactive form 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The 3alpha-HSD is a cytosolic, monomeric, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase that reduces 3-keto-5-dihydrosteroids to their tetrahydro products. DD1 and DD2 are ubiquitously expressed, whereas DD4 mRNA is restricted to the liver. DD3 is a unique enzyme that can specifically catalyze the dehydrogenation of trans-benzenedihydrodiol and trans-naphthalenedihydrodiol.